Mission in Mishar 2018 - মিশর রহস্য 2018

Tour diary

15.10.18.  Kol (2030 hrs)-Delhi(2230 )-Del(600 )-Kuwait(800  MST)-Kuw (1200 MST)-Cairo(1200 hrs )

16.10.18   Cairo

17.10.18   Cairo

18.10.18    Aswan

19.10.18.   Aswan/Abu Simbel/Luxor

20.10.18.   Luxor

21.10.18.   Luxor 

22.10.18.   Cairo
23.10.18.   Cairo/Alexandria
24.10.18.   Alexandria/Amman
25.10.18.   Amman/Jerash/Ajloun Castle   

26.10.18.   Amman/Madaba/Mt Nebo/Petra
27.10.18.   Petra/Wadi Rum

28.10.18.   Wadi Rum/Dead Sea/Amman/Kuwait
29.10.18.   Delhi/Kolkata

15/10/2018

We (3 families - 6 in the team ) left for Delhi by Indian Airlines at 8.30 pm from Kolkata on the day of Shosthi of Durga Puja.  Since the roads were well managed during Puja, we reached Airport within 6.30 pm . 

We reached Delhi airport at 10.30 pm at T3. We have Kuwait airlines flight at 6.15 am tomorrow at T3 itself. Since it is only 10.30 pm, we were not allowed to enter the enter the lounge. We have to wait at the main waiting area.

You are allowed to enter only 6 hours before the flight leaving time . We were therefore allowed at 12.00 am. We (Arun and our family) used the lounge facility, after taking the boarding pass. Arindam and his family waited outside. 

I met an interesting group of 20 people in Delhi ; Holy Land Travel agency of Delhi is organizing a tour. They organize the tour for Rs 99,000 and take them to Jordan, Israel and Egypt. They are all Christians - from various parts of India. They only have Israel visa (paper visa) . They do not have any other visa. After they reach Cairo, they will put visa stamp in Cairo. In any case it VOA in Jordan. So they have a strange arrangement for 3 countries - where visa will be given on the basis of this paper !

16/10/2018

We reached Kuwait City (capital of Kuwait) at 8.10 am Kuwait time (actual duration is 4 .15 hours). Our next flight is at 10.00 am to Cairo. 

We reached Cairo at 11.55 am Egypt time . Actual journey time is 2.45 hours. The food in Kuwait airlines is good. We took 2 Taxis from the Airport (110 EP or Egyptian Pound each) to reach Central Cairo, where our Hostel is located. At the moment, 1 Egyptian pound = 4 INR. We had a huge argument with the Taxi Drivers. They said they quoted the price in British Pound. This is a very common form of cheating. Be very careful. Of course I did not pay heed to them.

When we were ready to go to the museum, after freshening up,  it is already 3 pm , whereas Egyptian museum closes at 4 pm. So we changed our plan and decided to go to a travel agent's office and arranged car for the whole tour. Actually we initially had a different plan, but ended up arranging the car for the whole tour in Egypt. The price was quite reasonable. We paid an advance of 150 USD. We also bought a SIM card for 105 EP.

We planned to do the nile cruise (8-10 pm) today.We paid 300 EP per person for the cruise - which was slightly higher than normal rate. I made a mis-calculation, about the price - so I thought it was reasonable. But when I realized my mistake, we managed to get a free pick up from our hotel by the travel agent, who booked the cruise. The food was good and cruise was quite luxurious. The beef and Sheekh Kebab was good. The main attraction of the cruise is of course belly dancing, Dervish dance. But Dervish dance here is exceptional. 

                                                                        DO NOT MISS THIS VIDEO

Then after the cruise , we walked all the way to the hotel.It is around 15 minutes walk. On the way back we went to a tea house to have a cup of tea. People were having hookah. Hookah is found all over the place. Price per tea is 5 EP.

The quantity of tea is good and taste is also good. The woman generally wear Hijab. Here in Egypt 10 % in Non Muslim. The woman seems to be quite active and modern - work in shop, office. They walk even at night. We were told that after revolution in Egypt in Tahirir square things changed a lot. Even at 11 pm there are enough people in the street. We read generally Egypt is safe - that seems to be correct.

17/10/2018

Since we have hired the SUV yesterday, we left for Giza by our SUV after complimentary breakfast at 8.45 am from the hostel.

Orientation

Cairo , (pronounced as Cahro), is in the North. Aswan is in the extreme South. Luxor is "somewhat" in between It takes around 10 hours by train to reach Luxor from Cairo and 3 hours to reach Aswan from Luxor by train. 

One side of Nile is Cairo (East) and the other side is Giza (East). They are 2 different districts , but now almost part of same district / municipality. They have become probably same Municipal Corporation. You can either go by ferry or Metro + bus combo or by Taxi. 

Understand Egypt

The civilization which grew up beside Nile is approximately started in 6,000 BC or 8000 years back. Nile is actually not Blue - actually it was Naheel and later its corrupted version is Nile. 

Source : http://www.egyptsearch.com

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

Out of that 8000 years, Pharaoic period is only 5000 years. So between 8000 to 5000 ie for 3000 there was not much of advancement. 

However it is a miracle that Egypt’s Late Paleolithic rock art has survived for at least 15,000 years at Qurta (100 Km South of Luxor) near Kom Ombo and there is  engravings of aurochs (prehistoric wild cows from which famous Goddess Hathor evolved).

http://africanrockart.org

https://per-storemyr.net

Nabta Playa is a remarkable site composed of hundreds of prehistoric megalithic structures located in the Nubian Desert at modern day Sudan (North), approximately 100 kilometers west of Abu Simbel in southern Egypt. Sudan is the land of Nubians - land of Gold. I had no clue that Sudan has such a rich and old culture - much older than us. They are the result of an advanced urban community that arose approximately 11,000 years ago, and left behind a huge assembly of stones, which have been labelled by scientists as the oldest known astronomical alignments of megaliths in the world. The people of Nabta Playa were the precursor civilization for the first Nile cities that arose in Egypt thousands of years later.

The Greeks said Egypt is Gift of Nile. Though it moves just a tiny fraction of the water carried by the Amazon, Congo, or Niger rivers, the Nile is the world’s longest river. Its main tributaries—the White Nile and the Blue Nile—meet in Khartoum, Sudan. 

The White Nile and Blue Nile derive their colors from the sediments they carry. 

Originating in the Equatorial Lakes region, the White Nile is rich in light gray sediments. As this long river meanders over flat terrain, it loses over half of its water to evaporation. In the strict meaning, "White Nile" refers to the river formed at Lake No, at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers at South Sudan. 

The White Nile's true source was not discovered until 1937, when the German explorer Burkhart Waldecker traced it to a stream in Rutovu, at the base of Mount Kikizi at Burundi. 

Compared to the White Nile, the Blue Nile is skinny and its highly variable flow. Harsh dry seasons and droughts can periodically dry out the Blue Nile completely. Shorter than the White Nile, the Blue Nile starts in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea, picking up black sediment en route to Khartoum. The Blue Nile is fed by monsoon rains.Because of frequent flooding the banks of Nile became very fertile. Gradually the civilization started around banks.

In 1896, the first pre-dynastic mummy, 'Gebelein Man,' who was later nicknamed Ginger, was found. It is very near to Luxor (40 Km South of Luxor or Thebes) and not very far from Qurta.

His body is very well preserved, including the preservation of the red hair that earned him the nickname Ginger. Ginger’s body was buried around 3500 BC (before early dynastic period or Late Pre-dynastic period ) in sand graves located near Gebelein, Egypt. Ginger was buried with some pottery.  In the pre-dynastic period bodies were usually buried naked and sometimes loosely wrapped. In such a burial, when the body is covered in warm sand, the environmental conditions mean that most of the water in the body is quickly evaporated or drained away, meaning that the corpse is naturally dried and preserved.  Without moisture, bacteria cannot breed and cause decay, and the body is preserved. This method was widely used in the pre-dynastic Egyptian period, before artificial mummification was developed. 

The natural mummification that occurred with these dry sand burials may have led to the original Egyptian belief in an after-death survival and started the tradition of leaving food and implements for an after life.

Gradually Egypt evolved around Upper Egypt (or South Egypt at Qena bend) and Lower Egypt (or North Egypt) at Faiyum. Halfway between the Nile delta in the north and the Sudanese border in the south, the Nile River cuts a deep U-shaped bend into the desert near Luxor. Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt has 2 distinctive cultures. 

Deshret, from Ancient Egyptian, was the formal name for the Red Crown of Lower or Northern Egypt. Hedjet is the formal name for the white crown of pharaonic Upper or Southern Egypt. After the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, it was combined with the deshret, the red crown of Lower Egypt, to form the pschent, the double crown of Egypt.The terminology "Upper" and "Lower" derives from the flow of the Nile from the highlands of East Africa northwards to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Narmer Palette or Great Hierakonpolis Palette  is a significant Egyptian archeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC. It contains some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found. The tablet is thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. On one side, the king is depicted with the bulbed White Crown of Upper (southern) Egypt, and the other side depicts the king wearing the level Red Crown of Lower (northern) Egypt. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pschent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt

The Narmer Palette provides one of the earliest known depictions of an Egyptian king. The Egyptologist Bob Brier has referred to the Narmer Palette as "the first historical document in the world".

Narmer, the king of South, is often considered as the founder of the First Dynasty and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. A majority of Egyptologists believe that Narmer was the same person as Menes. Memphis became their capital.

Located in Upper or Southern Egypt (not very far from Thebes or Luxor) the site of Abydos played a pivotal role in ancient Egyptian religious life. The earliest kings of Egypt, including those from the first dynasty of Egypt’s history (3000-2890 B.C.), have been buried at Abydos. Their tombs and funerary enclosures may have been a first step on an ancient architectural journey that would see the Great Pyramids constructed centuries later. 

The tomb of Djer (around 3050 BC) at Abydos was one of the largest and most complex tombs of the First Dynasty. His tomb at Abydos is surrounded by the burials of 300 hundred servants who were buried at the same time as the Pharaoh. This barbaric practice was soon abandoned.

Today, Abydos is notable for the memorial temple of Seti I, which contains an inscription from the nineteenth dynasty known to the modern world as the Abydos King List. It is a chronological list showing cartouches of most dynastic pharaohs of Egypt from Menes until Seti I's father, Rameses I. It is the original version of Valley of Kings in Luxor.

The first record of organized taxation comes from Egypt around 3259 B.C. The Pharaoh would send commissioners to take one- fifth of all grain harvests as a tax. Egyptians did not have coined money, so their taxes were levied on harvests and property. The pharaohs appointed ministers who acted as tax supervisors. They kept records of taxes collected . The genesis of hieroglyphs is probably these when the need for recording the data became necessary. 

Geoffrey Sampson stated that Egyptian hieroglyphs "came into existence a little after Sumerian script, and, probably, invented under the influence of the latter", and that it is "probable that the general idea of expressing words of a language in writing was brought to Egypt from Sumerian Mesopotamia".

Because of their pictorial elegance, Herodotus and other important Greeks believed that Egyptian hieroglyphs were something sacred, so they referred to them as ‘holy writing’. Thus, the word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hiero ‘holy’ and glypho ‘writing’. 

source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/247768416987547910/

The Rosetta Stone, a clay tablet discovered in 1799 by soldiers of Napolean, was a document of new tax laws decreed by the Ptolemaic Dynasty in 196 B.C. The Rosetta Stone is a trilingual decree (written in hieroglyphs, Greek, and Demotic). Its discovery proved to be a crucial link in unlocking the mysteries of Egyptian hieroglyphs and in 1822, enabling Jean-François Champollion to re-decipher the hieroglyphic signs, thereby allowing the modern study of Egyptian language to begin. The script evolved from about 700 characters during the Old Kingdom to over 6000 during the Ptolemaic period. 

The ancient Egyptians invented of type of paper called papyrus, which was made from the river plant of the same name. Papyrus was a very strong and durable paper-like material that was used in Egypt for over 3000 years. It is the precursor to modern paper, the name of which is derived from the word papyrus.

The word 'pharaoh’ is the Greek form of the Egyptian pero or per-a-a, which was the designation for the royal residence and means `Great House'. The early monarchs of Egypt were not known as pharaohs but as kings. The honorific title of `pharaoh' for a ruler did not appear until the period known as the New Kingdom (c.1570-c.1069 BCE). There were around 300 Pharaohs in Egypt, organized in 30 dynasties.

Herodotus (485-430 BC) , an ancient Greek historian, born in modern day Bodrum, Turkey, known as the "Father of History" for his writings on various nations, is the author of the first comprehensive history of Egypt. Since he did not read hieroglyphs or speak the Egyptian language, he relied heavily on native interpreters. His travel journal on Egypt was written in Greek and published in Athens in 446 B.C.

To know more click https://www.ancient.eu

The Egyptian civilization is divided into 3 period - New Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Old kingdom.

1. Old Kingdom is roughly 3000 - 2150 BC (850 years) . But 3000-2670 is early Dynasty ( Old Kingdom). During 2670-2150 BC, story of Pharaoh started and pyramid started during this Old period.

1A. First Intermediate Middle Kingdom - 2150-2056 BC (or approx 100 years) is intermediate Middle Kingdom is basically a period of chaos - when Egypt was divided into region of 2 warlords - North and South (near Thebes or Luxor). During this period agricultural activity suffered due to famine and drought and people started questioning the Godliness of Pharaohs.Warlords replaced Kings. Ultimately it reorganized under Montuhotep II or Menuthotep II in 2060 and Middle Kingdom was formed.

2. During Middle Kingdom - . 2056-1650 BC (or approx 400 years)  the development took place at Luxor or Thebes - further South of Cairo. In the latter part of Middle Kingdom, Hykos, nomadic Asiatic people from Palestine, conquered Lower Egypt (and very briefly all of Egypt), setting up 15th Dynasty. 

2A. Second Intermediate New Kingdom - 1650-1550 BC (or 100 years)- nothing significant happened during this Second dark period. During that time Nubians also started pressing from South. During this period (15th and 16th dynasty) there was division of South and North Egypt. However know-how of  new composite bow came from Hykos. In the 16th century BC, Ahmose I overthrew the Hyksos and pushed them to Palestine and initiated the 18th dynasty and the New Kingdom of Egypt with Amun as its God. Amun’s role evolved over the centuries, during the Middle Kingdom he became the King of the deities and in the New Kingdom he became a nationally worshipped god. He eventually merged with Ra, the ancient sun god, to become Amun-Ra.

source: https://en.wikipedia.org

3. New Kingdom was during 1550-1070 BC (or approx 500 years)- Ramesses II is the most important king of New Kingdom. What Shajahan is to India, Ramesses II is to Egypt. During New Kingdom came Karnak , Western Bank of Luxor. All the famous Pharaohs belong to this kingdom.Amenhotep III is the most important king during this period. The Exodus (of Moses) has traditionally been believed to be during the reign of Ramesses II (1279-1213 BC).

During New Kingdom, the Egyptian sculpture blossomed like anything.

So the Pharaonic period is from 2670-1076 BC or 1600 years.

4A. Third Intermediate New Kingdom - 1070-712 BC

 4B. Late Period  - 664 -332 BC

Most of this period was ruled by Persians  and with the defeat of Darius III (31st Dynasty) , started Graeco Roman Dynasty.

Between 1076-332 BC = 700 years there were no major Pharaohs . During this period (21-25th dynasty)  Libyans from North and Kush (Nubians) from South (from Sudans - with whom Pharaohs has fought many years. Nubia was famous for its Gold reserve) conquered Egypt and became Pharaoh themselves - such was the influence of Pharaohs. 

Nubian/Kushite Kings constructed pyramids during this period in today’s Sudan !! The area of the Nile valley, known as Nubia, lies within the north of present day Sudan, was home to three Kushite kingdoms. They are built of granite and sandstone. The last two kingdoms, Napata and Meroë, were heavily influenced by ancient Egypt culturally, economically, politically, and militarily. In 728 BC, the Kushite king Piye united the entire Nile valley from the delta to the city of Napata under his rule. Piye and his descendants ruled as the pharaohs of the 25^th  Dynasty. Napatan control of Egypt ended after being conquered by Assyria in 656 BC. The Nubian pyramids are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. So far, more than 35 pyramids grouped in 5 sites were discovered in Sudan.

                                                              Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com

Assyrians defeated Egypt around 674 BC during 26th Dynasty. Assyrians were war machine. They returned back after 20  years. 

The 26^th Dynasty of Egypt was the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before the Persian conquest in 525 BC. The dynasty's reign (664–525 BC) is also called the Saite Period after the city of Sais in North /Upper Egypt, where its pharaohs had their capital, and marks the beginning of the Late Period of ancient Egypt.

Then Egypt was annexed by Persians, who ruled for 200 years till 332 BC. Darius the great of Persia ruled during this period.

5. Graeco - Roman Dynasty Period  - 332 BC - 642 AD

In 333 BC Alexander defeated Persians and saved Egypt n 332 BC. Alexander named over 70 cities after himself. He ruled Egypt for 6 months  and left in 331 BC to conquer Persia. He died in 323 BC in Babylon but buried in Saqqara, which was later removed to Alexandria. After his death , his general Selucas Nicotor got India, modern day's Pakistan, modern day's Afghanistan (though there was no division in those days) and Ptolemy got  Egypt. So from 330 BC Macedonians / Greeks started ruling Egypt. and Ptolemy became king. From Ptolemy to death of Cleopatra in 30 BC  - this period is called Hellenistic period - around 300 years (330-30 BC).The capital was shifted from Memphis to Alexandria. It became of centre of learning. Alexander was pronounced son of the deity Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert and became Egyptian !

6. After that (300 years after Ptolemy) came Romans. They ruled till 395 AD for another 400 years, when Constantine ruled. 

7. Then it was ruled by Roman/Byzantine till 642 AD. Byzantine is nothing but Christian Roman empire from Turkey. After that it was ruled by different Caliphates like famous Abbasids, Umayyad and other Muslim rulers

8. Finally it was ruled by Ottoman from 1517- 1867 before French, British and others.

Kingdom	Dynasty	Name	Year	Relation	Remarks
Pre-Historic period Early Dynastic Period 3000 -2650 BC	1st Dynasty	Namer	before 10,000 BC 4500 BC-3000 BC +/- 3150 BC		Nomadic people Local Rulers Narmer Palette
	1st Dynasty	Djer			Palermo Stone
Old Kingdom 2650 -2150 BC	3rd Dynasty	Djoser	2650 BC		Step Pyramid of Giza
	4th Dynasty	Khufu	2589–2566 BC		Great Pyramid
	4th Dynasty	Khafre	2558–2532 BC	Son of Khufu	Great Sphinx
	4th Dynasty	Menkaure	2532–2503 BC	Son of Khafre	Pyramid
First Intermediate period 2150 -2056 BC					Dark Period - famine, poverty-country divided  100 years
Middle Kingdom 2056 -1650 BC	11th Dynasty	Montuhotep II	2060–2010 BC		Reunification of Egypt
	12th Dynasty	Senusret III (Sesostris III)	1878–1860 BC		Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs
Second Intermediate period 1650 -1550 BC					Dark Period - Country divided with the attack of Hykos from Palestine  100 years
New Kingdom 1550 -1050 BC	18th Dynasty	Ahmosis I	1549–1524 BC		Reunification of Egypt and expulsion of Hykos in North and annexation of Nubia/Kushite  (Sudan) in South)
	18th Dynasty	Thutmose II	1492–1479 BC
	18th Dynasty	Hatshepsut	1479–1458 BC
	18th Dynasty	Thutmose III	1458–1425 BC
	18th Dynasty	Amenhotep III	1390–1352 BC		Greatest King of New Kingdom
	18th Dynasty	Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten	1352–1336 BC	son of Amenhotep III
	18th Dynasty	Tutankhamun	1332–1324 BC	son of Akhenaten
	18th Dynasty	Horemheb	1320–1292 BC
	19th Dynasty	Seti I	1290–1279 BC	Father of Ramesses II
	19th Dynasty	Ramesses II the Great	1279–1213 BC
	20th Dynasty	Ramesses III	1186–1155 BC		Possibly assassinated (Harem conspiracy).
	20th Dynasty	Ramesses IV	1155–1149 BC
Third Intermediate period 1070 -712 BC
	21st  Dynasty	Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon	992–986 BC		Libyan
	22nd Dynasty	Hedjkheperre-setepenre Shoshenq I	943–922 BC		Libyan
	23rd Dynasty	Hedjkheperre-setpenre Takelot II	837–813 BC		Libyan
	25th Dynasty	Usermaatre Piye	744–714 BC		Nubian/Kushite (Sudan) Period - Invasion of Assyrians in 671 BC
Late Period 664-332 BC	26th Dynasty	Psammetichus I	664-610 BC		Reunified Egypt  Last Egyptian Dynasty (664-525) from Sais ( in Delta/North or Upper Egypt ) defeated Kushites after Assyrians left
	27th Dynasty	Cambyses II	525–521 BC		Egypt annexed to Persia
	27th Dynasty	Darius I the Great	521–486 BC		Persian
	27th Dynasty	Xerxes I the Great	486–465 BC		Persian
	31st Dynasty	Darius III	336-332 BC		The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332
Graeco Roman period  Hellenistic or Macedonian period 332-304		Alexander III (Alexander the Great)	332-323 BC
		Haaibre Alexander IV	317-309 BC	Son of Alexander III Great
Ptolemic period 304-30		Ptolemy I Soter	305–285 BC
		Ptolemy XV	44–30 BC		Infant son of Cleopatra VII proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra VII.  Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over. Last Ruler Cleopatra allied with Mark Antony against Rome and defeated by Octavian

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs#Lower_Egyptv

It may be worthwhile to remember 2 timelines before we discuss further.

First, the earth’s beginnings can be traced back 450 Crore years or 4.5 billion years. But continental drift started around 100 years ago. The Prehistoric Period roughly dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. 

It is generally categorized in three archaeological periods: Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.

Stone Age
Divided into three periods: 

Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age - roughly 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.),
Mesolithic (or Middle Stone Age - about 10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C), and 
Neolithic (or New Stone Age roughly 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C), this era is marked by the use of tools by our early human ancestors (who evolved around 300,000 B.C.) 

Bronze Age - 3,000 B.C. to 1,500 B.C. approx
Iron Age. 1,500 B.C. to 500 B.C. approx

So we can safely say that Old Dynasty started at the dawn of Bronze age and New Dynasty started at the dawn of Iron age.

Second, the other river civilizations also started around the same time.

Mature Harappan (Indus Valley) period was during 2600 BC-2000 BC (Bronze period). Rig Veda was composed around the same time, since there is no mention of Iron in Rig Veda.

Similarly Mesopotamia (means land between two rivers - Tigris and Euphrates) roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders. The written history is found from around 3000 BC. South Mesopotamia was called Sumer. 

The highland to the extreme Northern Part of Sumer was known as Assyria and North Eastern part of Sumer was Babylon.

Sumerian were great builders and first developed art of writing - cuneiform script.

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia

Great Pyramid of Giza is the culmination of pyramid building in Egypt. The 1st Pyramid (in Old Kingdom) started around 2670 -2650 BC is Step pyramid at Saqqara. 

First pyramid we saw was in Dahshur (Bent pyramid and Red pyramid) , which is 10 Km before Saqqara. We got down here. It is pyramid almost in the middle of a desert. We did not see too many tourists here. It was built between 2613-2589 BC.

There is a very small tunnel - which you can enter from the middle of Dahshur, till the end. None of us gone inside. 

The tomb of Irukaptah - whose titles included Head of the Butchers served between 2500 BC and 2350 BC,  is located near the bend in Unas' causeway leading to Unas’ broken pyramid in Saqqara., is dug entirely out of the rocky wall. It is commonly known as the Butchers' Tomb, due to the butchering scenes that adorn the east wall. It is quite unique - which we did not see.

Then we went to Memphis.

It is the old Capital of Egypt (King Narmer or Menes who unified Egypt and the first king of 1st Dynasty - he made Memphis the capital). What is Rome is to Italy, Memphis is to Egypt. We saw a museum in Memphis and a statue of Ramesses , lying on the ground. Then we saw small Sphynx inside the compound of Museum. From the head gear you can make out if was constructed during his life or after his death. If it is constructed during his life then it will be straight, otherwise it will be curved.

Cartouche

Then we finally left for Saqqara. It has a Hampi like feeling. It looked like a necropolis. We also saw Step pyramid in Saqqara (somewhat like step cultivation). The probable architect of the Djoser's step pyramid. It was made by Imhotep. It is the first pyramid of Egypt. It was constructed between 2670-2650 BC. Before that, the tombs were made like a singe story building or  Mastaba - rectangular superstructure of ancient Egyptian tombs, built of mud brick or, later, stone, with sloping walls and a flat roof. He wanted to build his legacy in something far more permanent. 

Finally we left for the great pyramid.

I have same numerous pictures of Great Pyramid. It was built during the reign of  King Khufu between 2580-2560 BC. It was not new to me. So I was not overwhelmed by seeing it , but I was struck by its huge size (how they could anything like this 4500 years back). Around 20,000 workers worked for 20 years and made of 23 lakh or 2.3 million block. The population of Egypt during that time was around 15 lakh or 1.5 million and during New Kingdom it was around 3 million. Today there are around 130 pyramids in Egypt. The stones of the pyramid came from Aswan. A city was created for the pyramid builders.

There was no Camel during those days !

The entry ticket costs 100 EP .

There is a very deep tunnel through which you can go to the heart of the pyramid to reach burial chamber of King and Queen. We skipped it , since it is too complicated. To go inside you have to buy a separate ticket. Pyramid is more to be felt , rather than seen. Not many people are going inside.

There is a small pyramid nearby - Pyramid of Hetepheres I - its tunnel is not so steep and it is free. Only Rumi and me decided to go inside.

The mathematical knowledge to make a tunnel like this which goes to the centre is quite amazing. Then we went to see the Pyramid of Khafre by walk, inside the same complex. Khafre is the son of King Khufu.

source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/606719381023934677/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs#Lower_Egypt

              https://in.pinterest.com/pin/532198880948308012/

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/296322850452051095/

There is a nice panorama point, for which we took our car to go there using the causeway - which is also inside the same Pyramid complex.

You can get a very nice panoramic views of  pyramids - famous Pyramid of Menkaure and Pyramid of Queens. 

After we are done with 3 most important Pyramids - Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, we rushed to the next destination - which is also in the same complex.

Source: https://www.crystalinks.com/pyrkhafre.html

We went to Great Sphinx of Giza. We were late. We saw it, while passing by. 

After the doors were closed, we requested them to allow us to take a picture. After requesting them (Police) for 5 minutes, they finally relented and allowed us to take a picture. It was made from a single piece of limestone. It was dine during the reign of Khafre. But they wanted some Bakshish at the end.

Finally we returned to our hotel from there. Then we checked out of the hotel (actually we checked out in the morning itself- they did not charge anything for that) and left for the train station. The sleeping train (luxurious - Rs 6,000 ) leaves from Giza side. We took a Taxi and reached Giza Station in 30 minutes (we paid 45 EP to the Taxi) after crossing the river Nile. They allocate one coup to a couple. 

There are two beds only in a coup. The train was supposed to leave at 7.45 pm, but it actually left at 8.15 pm. The trains service is like a plane. There is no view from the window - since it is dark. Other trains however leave from Ramesses II Station in Cairo (no need to go to Giza). This train is often higly recommended by people. I did not find it that great.

Alternately we could have taken the metro from Tahirir Square or Midan Tahirir to go straight to the Giza station.

18/10/2018

We reached Aswan at 9.30 am .

The travel agent had come to receive us. Our hotel is only 1-2 minutes walk from the station. So walked to the hotel from the station. After taking a quick shower we left for Aswan Dam by our SUV.

High dam of Aswan Dam was made to make hydroelectricity. As a result of the dam, silt stopped coming and many parts were sub merged into water. So many things/artefact of Nubians, who generally came from Khartoum of Sudan, were lost, submerged and destroyed in water. French and Italians however relocated many parts to another place, piece by piece. So the tourists are going to the newly relocated place/Island instead of the original place where monuments were located. Nile has started partly from Ethiopia and partly from Burundi, as mentioned before. Nile has finally fallen into Mediterranean in the North. Normally rivers flow from North to South. Here it is exactly the opposite. So Southern part is called High Egypt and Northern part is called Low Egypt. Because of Aswan Dam, cultivable land has increased 30%. It is an eye opener for me - how a dam changes the nature of a river - resulting in a largest man-made lake in the world - Nasser Lake - 2/3rd of it is in Egypt and 1/3rd is in Sudan. This Dam has cut Nile in two distinct parts. The lake is named after Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

Then we left for Aglikia Island by a boat  - where there is temple of Isis (re-located after the dam)  - falcon headed God – Isis - God of Sky. Isis is mother of falcon headed God - Horus - whose pictures - bas relief were everywhere.

                                                     source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/602426887641964658/

Previously it was in Philae Island - it was sub-merged into water and relocated to Aglikia Island. We spent some time in Aglikia Island.  There are 3 temples in this Island - Egyptian temple, Ptolemy/Greek temple, Roman temple. Roman temple has only 14 Corinthian pillars left. Why is it 14? Because Romans made 14 districts.

 Since Egyptians God were considered as Pagan, so Christians chiseled the bas relief (except the one on the right - which was left untouched for some strange reason) of the Egyptian temple to destroy it. Inside the temple there is bas relief of mother of Horus  -  Isis. 

Then we took the boat to come to the shore and finally took our car to go near Elephantine Island.

We went to Elephantine Island by a felucca (a small wooden boat) ride . In the Elephantine Island, located in the middle to Nile River, there is a small Aswan museum and Ruins of Abu . There are many possible theories, why it is called Elephantine. Abu, sometimes called Yebu, means ivory or elephant in Egyptian. While the Valley of the Kings and the Pyramids are structure dedicated to the deceased, Abu was a thriving town for thousands of years. It provides a real window into what Egyptian society was like through the ages.

For a long time, Abu marked the border between the kingdom of   Egypt and the kingdom of Nubia. It served as a major military fort for the Egyptians and experts believe it served as a major trading center for ivory, in this land of Gold, hence its name. 

Nubians still live here. It is a very colourful house. Many people go and visit their house. There is a bread and breakfast home-stay here. The Island is around 1 Km long. We saw the mausoleum of Aga Khan from the ruins of Abu.

In this small Island there are traces of  New, Middle and Old kingdom from 3000 BC to 14th Century AD. This is very unique. This is basically land of Nubian. 

source : https://www.google.com/

                                source : https://www.google.com/

This stone gateway was built by Alexander IV, the son of Alexander the great to honour Khnum

The boat ride is very interesting. On the way to the  back, we saw Botanical garden from the boat. We did not get down. We also saw a Coptic Monastery on the way. These are part of Nile - one side of the river is sand - very unique terrain. We saw pond heron, Egret, Gul etc.

I learnt here from "Burra"- our guide, that on a stone in Cairo a phoenix bird used to seat on a particular  Pyramidal Stone. It is believed that Phoenix represents Ra - Sun God. It used to seat in a particular point of time. They then decided to make pyramid - taking it as a wish of God. But making a pyramid used to take a long time.So at later stage of Pharaonic period they stopped making pyramid and made Obelisk - pillar of stone. There were burial chambers too. After that we went to see unfinished obelisk - it is unfinished, because in the quarry a fault line / gap was found. Most of the stones of Pyramid came from Aswan.
We saw a Cruise boat on the way.

Finally we went to Nubian Museum. It is a very nice museum .They have explained 6500 years history in a very nice way. It is about the life and culture of Nubians. However pictures were not allowed to be taken. Nubian are from Sudan and merged into main stream and lost identity and adopted Egyptian God and writing style - Hieroglyphic. This is so typical of Egyptian history. Whoever has tried to capture Egypt , ultimately adopted their culture (somewhat like what happened to Romans, after they conquered Greece). They had a spoken language - African dialect. They did not have written language. 

Nub means Gold. Nubian means land of Gold. There were some gold mines near Luxor. They also started worshiping Egyptian God - Ra (Sun God). All Gods are Ra - Amun Ra, Osisi Ra,Horus Ra, Isis Ra. We saw the wedding photo shoot of a Christian couple just outside the museum. 

We let go our guide and left for hotel. We had dinner from a non AC restaurant near our hotel - we had Tamiya, Phul and Kushari (mixture of Pasta+Noodles+Beef -nothing great) - which is very famous in Luxor. However other people had Pasta, hot dog, Shawarma. My Beef Kushari costs 30 EP . The price is quite reasonable . Even in Cairo, e.g. small Shawarma costs 11 EP = INR 44 and big one costs = 22 EP . After that others left for hotel. I roamed around my hotel on my own and took some interesting pictures.

19/10/2018

Today we left for Abu Simbel, further South (in fact extreme South - near Sudan border) of Egypt early in the morning at 4.45 am.It is almost 260 Km from Aswan. The road is very good.

It took around 3.30 hours to reach Abu Simbel.  When we reached it is around 8 am.

Even Abu Simbel was submerged in  Lake Nasser. It was relocated to the present area in small pieces in 1968 on an artificial hill.  A documentary was shown in an auditorium there.

This is the place of Ramsses II or Ramsses the Great (1303-1213 BC). He lived till the age of 93 years and had 68 wives and had over 150 son and daughter. He is like Shahjahan of Egypt. He belongs to the New Kingdom.

There are huge 4 sculptures of Ramesses II at the entrance- depicting different ages. The one in the left is the youngest, till the oldest to the extreme right. 

The oldest Ramsses

Although the temple was made in the honour of Ra, Amun Ra, Ta , but Ramesses II 's presence is overwhelming - everywhere and equated himself with God.

There is one more temple beside Ramesses temple - it is the temple of Hathore - where there are again 4 sculptures at the entrance - 2 are of Ramesses II and 2 are of his wife Nefertari (not Nefretiti - who is the wife of iconic Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV). I had no clue, that these two temples are in the same area.

It is prohibited to take pictures inside. Many people were caught taking the pictures. The pictures inside the temple are still of quite good quality - since it was submerged in desert sand - like some other temples in Luxor. It was discovered in 1813. The  reddish colours are still  visible. We are done with the tour at 10 am. After seeing Abu Simbel, we took some time for shopping and ‘wasted’ (for which we later paid a price !) valuable 1 hour. I bought a colourful Jalebia and Nubian skull cap.

The Sudanese border is only about 20 kilometers away.In the past, Abu Simbel was located on the west bank of the Nile between the 1st and 2nd  Cataracts of the Nile. The Cataracts of the Nile are shallow lengths of the Nile River, between Khartoum and Aswan, where the surface of the water is broken by many small boulders and stones. The cataracts are sections where the river tumbles over rocks and have long kept boats from going up and down the river from Equatorial Africa to Egypt. There are 6 classical cataracts, but there are really many more.

In Sudan there are 4 of the original 6 Cataracts; the word cataract is a Greek word literally “down-rushing” or “waterfall”. However, none of the Nile’s 6 primary cataracts could be accurately described as waterfalls,

Finally we left at 11.10 am. On the way to Luxor , we had to pass through Aswan. The road is very good. The Sahara desert is in two sides.

The road is picturesque. The road bisects the desert.

There are no human settlements for kilometre after kilometre. We saw one car stranded. God knows what will happen to them, since nobody is there to help them. We reached Aswan at around 2 pm. Then we left for Kom Ombo temple (which falls on the way to Luxor).

Kom Ombo village is just beside Nile.

Unique in Egypt, Kom Ombo is dedicated to 2 Gods - Crocodile God Sobek, God of fertility and Horus. There are many crocodiles in Nile. When we reached Kom Ombo it is already 3.30 pm. We were told it closes at 4 pm. We were late. Reused blocks suggest an earlier temple from the Middle Kingdom period, but the main temple was built by Ptolemy VI - Philometor, and most of its decoration was completed by Cleopatra VII’s father, Ptolemy XII - Neos Dionysos. It was bit disappointing. It has to be kept in mind there were 15 Ptolemys and half of the queens were named Cleopatra. Cleopatra resisted Romans for 20 years.

Arun and I started running and took some pictures from outside. We did not go inside - otherwise we will miss Edfu temple - temple of Horus, the next destination - which is the best preserved temple in Egypt. Other people did not get down. So we did not take the help of guide. Since we did not avail the help of guide we did not pay "Bakshish" – so he was quite upset. Here at every stage in Egypt, you have to give Bakshish. We had arguments number of times over this.

We started moving towards Edfu temple. Those who do the Nile cruise cover these 2 temples on the way from Aswan to Luxor. But it takes a long time and was a costlier option too (approx 24,000 per head). We could have taken train also (but it would have been very complicated, since we have hired the car for the whole tour) to save time. I was very upset that everybody wasted almost 1 hour for marketing (it is better to do it, after reaching destination). In fact I warned them, we were getting late. We reached there at 4.50 pm. Somehow we gate crashed into the temple. It is almost a private visit . Nobody is there except us ! রাখে হরি মারে কে!

Ptolemy made temple of Edfu. The period of Ptolemy is called Hellenistic or Ptolemic period. The word Hellenistic comes from the root word Hellas, which was the ancient Greek word for Greece. It took almost 200 years (237 BC-57 BC) to complete this temple.  The building was started during the reign of Ptolemy III - Euergetes and completed in 57 BC under Ptolemy XII Auletes. 

It is the temple of Horus - whose father is Osiris and mother is Isis – the holy trinity of Egyptian Gods. 

Source : pin/352266002088380516/

In the whole temple you will find pictures/ bas relief of Osiris and also Horus. We did not have any guide. But we had a local boy as guide – whom we had to pay bakshish. It is a grand temple. We were there for almost 1 hour. We were very happy that we made it.

The ankh is an Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol  to represent the word for "life" 

After that we left for Luxor. It is around 110 Km. But the population is much higher in this region. So there are full of bumpers! So it took much longer time. The location of the hotel is very good. There is a very nice restaurant just beside the hotel. It looks very exotic - typically middle Eastern - the table is circular.

We had everything we planned to have - Tamiya - Egyptian version of Falafel - Tele Bhaja, Ful (The word ful is, in fact, Egyptian for fava bean. They are a common ingredient in falafel. The recipe, ful medames, is considered the national dish of Egypt, consists of a stew made with cooked fava beans, oil, cumin, parsley, garlic, lemon juice, and sometimes, chili pepper. ) . They also give bread with that.

Arindam had Tajin (famous dish of Morocco - it was not so beautifully served). There is pigeon also. Arindam had fish too.

After that it was time to go to sleep. 

20/10/2018

Today we went to the West Bank of Luxor (old name Thebes). Luxor rose into prominence almost 4,000 years back during the First Intermediate Middle Kingdom at the time of  MEntuhotep or Montuhotep II (2060-2010 BC), one of the warlords.  

The First Intermediate Period, described as a 'dark period' in ancient Egyptian history. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time where rule of Egypt was roughly equally divided between two competing power bases. 

One of those bases was at Heracleopolis in Lower or North Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region. 

The other was at Thebes in Upper Egypt. It is believed that during this time temples were pillaged and violated, artwork was vandalized, and the statues of kings were broken or destroyed as a result of the postulated political chaos.

The South was dominated by warlords, the best-known of whom is Ankhtifi, whose tomb was discovered in 1928 at Mo’alla, 30 km south of Luxor. Ankhtifi was possibly a rival to the Theban rulers Mentuhotep I . It is here a necropolis containing several burials belonging to the provincial governors and officials was found. He was a provincial governor of the nome based at Hierakonpolis (South of Luxor), but he then conquered a second nome centred on Edfu. 

These two kingdoms (North and South) would eventually come into conflict, leading to the conquest of the north by the Theban / Southern kings and the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler, Montuhotep II. King from Thebes were white crown and in the North wear red crown. After conquering North he wore red crown of North and re-united North and South symbolically and was the dawn of Middle Kingdom.

Senusret III (1878-1860 BC), also known as Senwosret III, Sesostris III was the 5th king of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. His reign is often considered the height of the Middle Kingdom which was the Golden Age in Egypt’s history in so far as art, literature, architecture, science, and other cultural aspects reached an unprecedented level of refinement, the economy flourished, and military and trade expeditions filled the nation’s treasury.

He led his troops by example and always from the front. His campaigns into Nubia expanded Egypt's boundaries and the castles/ fortifications made along the border fostered lucrative trade. Senusret III's pyramid complex was built north-east of the Red Pyramid of Dashur

                                       source : https://www.britannica.com

The crown of Lower Egypt (left) and the crown of Upper Egypt (right), both worn by King Sesostris III, Egypt, 19th century BC

Luxor was the capital of Egypt from the twelfth dynasty on (1991 BC) and reached its zenith during the New Kingdom. It is divided into two parts - East Bank and West Bank. It is said Luxor is one of the greatest cities of the world- if not the greatest during that time. Luxor and Karnak Temple is in the East Bank. 

Valley of the queen, Valley of King, Medinet Habu,Colossi of Memnon, Deir el-Medina (workers' village), Deir el-Bahari , Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is in the West Bank. 

East Bank grew rapidly.

Nile is quite wide here. So the view along the Nile is very nice. Luxor was the capital of New Kingdom. West bank is basically a necropolis. We are staying at East Bank (normal thing to do). 

We started with Valley of Kings in the West Not only are there tombs of pharaoh  - but also of high priests, nobles, officials. It is the last resting place. But it was hardly the final place, where they took rest in peace – since almost everything was stolen. The terrain is like Jordan. After some point of time it was decided to stop making pyramid (since it is very time consuming) and it was planned to make Obelisk. That is why this necropolis was carved out of the mountain. 

There are tombs of Tuthmosis III, Ramesses IX, Seti I, Horemheb, Amenhotep II, and Tutankhamen (son of Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV. Seti' I (mother of great Ramesses) well preserved tomb in the Valley of the Kings; it proved to be the longest at 446 feet (136 meters) and deepest of all the New Kingdom royal tombs.

From the entrance, they take you there by a bi articulated bus.

We did not go inside the tomb of Tutankhamen (steep entry fee). We saw it from outside. The tomb itself is quite ordinary. What was found inside the tomb is remarkable. Almost everything of it is in Cairo Museum.

Howard Carter discovered it in the year 1922 .The entry fee is generally very high in Egypt. You typically pay around Rs 700 (170 EP) for any entry to a museum or places like this.   There is a tunnel inside the mountain - which take you to the tomb. If it is famous you invariably pay around 160-172 EP ie RS 700. If it is less important it is 100 EP ie Rs 400. We spent quite some time in Valley of Kings and some tombs and went inside. Only in case of Tutankhamen tomb you have to pay extra ! 

Not only are there tombs of pharaoh  - but also of high priests, nobles, officials. It is the last resting place. But it was hardly the final place, where they took rest in peace – since almost everything was stolen. The terrain is like Jordan. After some point of time it was decided to stop making pyramid (since it is very time consuming) and it was planned to make Obelisk. That is why this necropolis was carved out of the mountain. There are tombs of Tuthmosis III, Ramesses IX, Seti I, Horemheb, Amenhotep II, and Tutankhamen (son of Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV. We did not go inside the tomb of Tutankhamen (steep entry fee). We saw it from outside. The tomb itself is quite ordinary. What was found inside the tomb is remarkable. Almost everything of it is in Cairo Museum. Howard Carter discovered it in the year 1922 .The entry fee is generally very high in Egypt. You typically pay around Rs 700 (170 EP) for any entry to a museum or places like this.   There is a tunnel inside the mountain - which take you to the tomb. If it is famous you invariably pay around 160-172 EP ie RS 700. If it is less important it is 100 EP ie Rs 400. We spent quite some time in Valley of Kings and went inside some of the tombs. Only in case of Tutankhamen tomb you have to pay extra ! 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2018/03-04/findingkingtutstomb/

The tombs were constructed and decorated by the workers of the village of Deir el-Medina, located in a small wadi/ravine/valley between this valley and the Valley of the Queens. Their village is also very well preserved. But normally tourist do not go there. It is often said these workers are also tomb looters - because they knew the exact position of the tomb.

Then we went to the Memorial temple of Hat-shep-sut (1507-1458 BC). We met our School friend , Architect Sandip Dey after at least 20 years !

From the entrance they take you there by a bi articulated bus. The Polish people are restoring the places around this site.

There is a place where they stay during restoration. Still some fresco work can be seen here in this temple.

She built magnificent temples, protected Egypt's borders and masterminded a highly profitable trading mission to the land of Punt – horn of Africa – probably Somalia. Her successor was Thutmosis III or Thutmose III, her step son . There was no love lost between them. Hatshepsut died in 1458 B.C.E. and was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Although she went to great lengths to be remembered after her death, Thutmose III carried out a sweeping campaign to destroy her legacy 20 years later. He crushed her statues, defaced her images, and erased her cartouche.

Some say it was an act of vengeance, others believe it was to ensure a smooth succession of his own son to the throne. A third theory proposes that he didn't want the rule of kings—Thutmose I, II, and III—interrupted by a woman.

This temple was made in the honour of Hatshepsut. We saw may Bas relief of Hathor.

Bovine God - Hathor

Bakshish please !

 
She was a pharaoh. She is a very important person in the history of New Kingdom. It is situated next to mortuary temple of Montu-hotep II at Deir el-Bahari. Almost 600 years after mortuary temple of Montuhotep II was created , funerary temple of Hatshepsut was constructed.

After that, suddenly our travel agent said they are not going to Valley of Queens. After lot of confusion, reluctance and phone call to Wael, they finally said, either we go to Valley of Queen or Medinet Habu. When you are going to West Bank, always write it in a paper, what are the places you want to go in West Bank (otherwise they will try to curtail) and hand it over to them. Otherwise they will harass you! Be rest assured.

We decided to go to Valley Queen. It is not very far from Hatshepsut temple. There are 75 tombs there . Out of which only few are open to public. One of them is Amun-her-khepeshef (died. 1254 BC) - whose colour frescoes are very well preserved. The price for taking picture is 300 EP or Rs 1200 ! There are very few people here. So the security guard of this tomb took 50 EP and let us in ! We took almost all the pictures.

There is a tomb of  Nefartari (wife of Ramses II) and for which entry fee is 1000 EP or Rs 4000  !

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Skhk5B5W6Vw

It is apparently the best preserved tomb. We bought some stone engraving on a block, of Pharaohs, Horus, Anubis, Isis, Osiris from shops outside Valley of Queen, at incredibly cheap price - since it is dull season.

Although Medinet Habu was almost in the same place , we did not go there because of their option. Only later I got to know it was a great mistake. It is very near to Colossi of Memnon  - less than 1.2 Km. Never make the mistake of not going to Medinet Habu. The famous Harem conspiracy has been revolves around Medinet Habu and has been documented here. The harem conspiracy was a plot to murder the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III (1217 -1155 BC). The principal figure behind the plot was one of the pharaoh's secondary wives, Tiye, who hoped to put her son Pentawere on the throne instead of the pharaoh's chosen successor, Ramesses IV. The plan was organized by the court official Pebekkamen. The plot succeeded in causing the death of the pharaoh, but failed to establish Pentawere on the throne and Ramesses IV became the Pharaoh . In the aftermath, the leading conspirators were convicted and executed. There was a grain shortage during this period - leading to a revolt.

Source: https://www.123rf.com/

https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/ramesses-iii-and-harem-conspiracy-0010547

After that we saw Colossi of Memnon (funerary temple - The temples were designed to commemorate the reign of the Pharaoh )  - are two massive stone statues of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1391- 1353 BC).

He is often considered as the greatest Pharaoh of New Kingdom. He is the great grandson of Thutmosis III (who is step son of Hatshepsut). His lengthy reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity and artistic splendour, when Egypt reached the peak of her artistic and international power. Proof of this is shown by the diplomatic correspondence from the rulers of Assyria, Mitanni, Babylon, and Hatti which is preserved in the archive of Amarna Letters. He married a daughter of Syrian/Mitanni King. The original function of the Colossi was to stand guard at the entrance to Amenhotep's memorial temple (or mortuary temple). Funerary temple and Tomb were separated during his period. Amenhotep’s patronage of the arts set new standards of quality. His building works can be found all over Egypt. Many of the finest statues in Egyptian art, attributed to Ramesses II, were actually made by Amenhotep III. (Ramses II simply removed Amenhotep’s name and replaced it with his own.) One of Amenhotep’s greatest surviving achievements is the Temple of Luxor on the east bank of the river. Unfortunately, his mortuary temple, the largest of its kind ever built, was destroyed when Rameses II used it as a quarry for his own temple. Only the two colossal statues that stood at the entrance survive – which is known as Colossi of Memnon  . Amenhotep’s greatest legacy was his high standard of artistic and architectural achievement.

https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient-egyptian-kings-queens/amenhotep-iii/

Amenhotep began restricting the power of the priests of God Amun by recognizing other cults. One of these was a special form of the god Ra known as the Aten. It was this deity which Amenhotep’s son, Akhenaton, was to promote as the one and only true god, causing trouble within Egyptian society over the next generation. He set the stage for Amenhotep IV or Akhenaton’s unique style . Akhenaten is noted for abandoning Egypt's traditional polytheistic religion and introducing Atenism, worship centered on the sun disc Aten. He is Egypt’s first revolutionary. A religious reformer he made the Aten, the sun disc, the center of Egypt’s religious life and carried out an iconoclasm, that saw the names of Amun, a pre-eminent Egyptian god, and his consort Mut, be erased from monuments and documents throughout Egypt’s empire. 

In fact his bust is completely different from other Egyptian Pharaohs. 

When he ascended the throne his name was Amenhotep IV, but in his sixth year of rule he changed it to “Akhenaten” a name that translated roughly as the “Benevolent one of the Aten.”

In honor of the Aten, he constructed an entirely new capital at an uninhabited place, which we now call Amarna, out in the desert.  The city was founded by Akhenaten, a king who, along with his wife Nefertiti and his son, famous Tutankhamun, has captured the modern imagination as much as any other figure from ancient Egypt. 

Nefertiti, whose name means "a beautiful woman has come," renowned for her beauty, ruled alongside her husband, Pharaoh Akhenaten, during the mid-1300s B.C. She and her husband established the cult of Aten, the sun god. A bust of Nefertiti is one of the most iconic symbols of Egypt. Nefertiti was perhaps one of the most powerful women ever to have ruled. Her husband went to great lengths to display her as an equal. In several reliefs, she is shown wearing the crown of a pharaoh or smiting her enemies in battle. Some academics speculate that Nefertiti was a princess from the Mittani kingdom (where ancient Sanskrit scripts were found) in northern Syria.

source: https://mymodernmet.com/ancient-egypt-queen-nefertiti/

 Then we went to the train station (7-8 minutes walking from the hotel) and we ended up buying a wrong ticket - due to communication gap. They refunded, it after lot of confusion. They did not charge cancellation fee. There is no late night train, which suits our plan. Finally we decided to go by bus. We bought the bus (- Mercedes) ticket (at 11 pm) to Cairo for 150 EP ! It takes around 10 hours to reach Cairo. Quite cheap. There is one more bus company, just beside this bus Company – but it is more expensive.

Then we went to the famous market nearby and bought lot of papyrus (they pronounce it babyrus) and some other souvenirs. The market looks like the souk of Morocco (or somewhat like Grand Bazaar of Turkey). There are spices too in the market. You get Papyrus everywhere. 

Then we left for our hotel - walking.

After returning to hotel, we had our dinner from the same restaurant.

21/10/2018

We had breakfast from a local shop.

Today we went to see the East Bank. It is very near to our hotel. First we went to see Karnak Temple. It was started in the Middle Kingdom. It was built over a period of 2000 years. It was enlarged, restored during these 2000 years. Each Egyptian ruler who worked at Karnak left his or her own architectural mark. It was dedicated to Amun Ra. 

You enter the complex through a grand procession way, flanked on both sides by ram-headed sphinxes - symbolizing the god Amun and a small effigy of Ramesses II, in the form of Osiris, stands between their front paws.

The central sector of the site, which takes up the largest amount of space, is dedicated to Amun-Ra, a male god associated with Thebes. To the south of the central area is a smaller precinct dedicated to his wife, the goddess Mut.

It considered as the largest religious complex in the world . The area of this temple is 2 sq Km. Here the symbol is Lotus, unlike papyrus of Cairo. There are huge pillars - 134 of all. The most important one - Hypostyle hall, at 54,000 square feet and featuring 134 columns, is still the largest room of any religious building in the world.

In addition to the main sanctuary there are several smaller temples and a vast sacred lake.

Karnak temple is exceptional temple with gigantic size - full of bas relief . Horus,  Amun Ra is present everywhere. There is a light and sound show in the night.

Then we left for Luxor temple - it was built by Amenhotep III (1390-52 BC) but completed by Tutankhamun during his reign of 10 years (1336-27 BC), Horemheb (1323-1295 BC) and then by Ramesses II (1279-13 BC). Luxor Temple was the most significant religious centers in ancient Egypt. The temple has been in almost continuous use as a place of worship right up to the present day.

 An avenue of human headed sphinxes of over 3 km once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor. 

It was covered by sand. When the Arabs when came here, did not see this. They made  a mosque just beside it . That is why they did not vandalize it. It is just beside the Nile.

You can see it during the Nile cruise. You will see this temple when you first reach Luxor.

Since it was very hot, only Arun and I enter inside. 

I bought a book for my friend Srijan from a nice book shop.

We did the Felucca tour for 1.30 hours after that. Since there was not much wind - it was bit boring. A mechanized boat took us to the centre of Nile and then they used the oar to move the boat forward and finally took us to the shore.

It could not take the help of sail, for want of wind.

After getting down, we went to Luxor Museum. The location of the museum is very charming.

Here you will find those which were found in Luxor Temple. It is just beside the river. Its collection is also very good and very well maintained.

Egypt is much more beyond just pyramid (apparently research said, they used to make sand mountain to make it. There was no scaffolding in those days! ). There are amazing sculptures. Karnak and Luxor is the highlight of my tour.

This museum is closed during 2-5 pm (During that time we did the Felucca ride). Our travel agent was not willing to go to the museums. After lot of argument, they finally relented and took us to the museums.

Then we went to the Mummification museum - it shows how mummy was made - first they take out the brain, viscera etc from the body by tong. Then they bandage the body and mix some chemicals to the body.

When we finished the museum it was 8.30 pm. These 2 museums are open in the evening.

Again we had dinner in the same restaurant - Sofra. Today many foreigners came here. After dinner we took Tanga (as it is called here !)  / horse cart to go to the bus station.

We paid 15 EP per head for 5-6 minutes ride. Our bus left at 11 pm and we reached Cairo at 9 am next day. The road is very good without any doubt. I did not remember any jerking, throughout the journey. There are Eastern desert and Western desert on the sides of the road. We were bit scared of the bus ride. But it was a very good experience and there is no need to go buy train. Bus tickets are easily available and that too at a convenient time. There are many bus companies. However there is no bus from Luxor to Aswan. You can avail Train or Taxi or hire a car to commute between Luxor and Aswan. It takes around 3- 3.5 hours.

22/10/2018

After reaching Cairo we paid 25 EP to Taxi to go to our (same) hotel. Every time we hired a taxi there was a problem with Taxi driver. Even in the toilet they asked 15 EP - whereas the Egyptians were paying 1 EP . So I have paid 1 EP. We wanted to buy water- they were asking more. So it is really stressful. Foreigners face exactly the same thing in India. We quickly changed our dress in the hotel. We bought Shawarma from the chain of restaurants near our hostel.

Egyptian museum is around 15 minutes walk from our hostel.

That is why I booked the hotel.  It is a huge museum.

The entry fee is  240 EP . You have to pay 50 EP for camera. Only Arun bought it for all of us. I thought, it is better to see it at the last. Then we went to Royal Mummy museum. You have to pay extra for this. Over there we saw Ramses II, Ramses III, Amehotep III. I did not find it very interesting.

I thought Mummification museum is more interesting. You can skip it , if you want. It is almost a skeleton. In this museum there are artifacts from Tutankhamen tomb - 108 kg of Gold is there. Everything is amazingly grand. It is not allowed to take pictures of Gold artifacts. We did take some picture of other things like ivory etc. The wooden sarcophagus is very nicely gold plated . Apparently 89% of the ornaments found belong to Akhenaten. He died only at the age of 18 years. But it was not stolen and everything is very well preserved. In Egypt, craftsmen used alabaster for canopic jars and various other sacred objects.

Made of Alabster stone

For a long time it was suspected that the pictures were of Tut, but it later transpired that is probably of his father Akhenaten

Then we saw a bust of Nefertiti. It is one of the iconic busts of Egyptian woman.

She is the wife of Akhenaten. The bigger and main bust is in Berlin museum. There are 2 Obelisks in Berlin museum. One is in Paris. But Tutankhamen was not a very important Pharaoh, unlike Ramses II, Amenhotep III. There is Narmer Palette also. Here signages are quite bad. It takes around 4 hours to see the museum. 

Then we went to see the Citadel of Cairo or Citadel of Saladin.It was built by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) and further developed by subsequent Egyptian rulers. It was the seat of government in Egypt and the residence of its rulers for nearly 700 years from the 13th to the 19th centuries. There is nice mosque inside . It looks like blue mosque of Istanbul.  There is a very nice panoramic view of the city . There is Md Ali Mosque inside.

Then we went on to see Sultan Hassan mosque cum Madrassa. It is known as the finest architecture of early Mamluk period (not to be confused with Mamluk Dynasty in India between 1206-1290, starting with Qutb al-Din Aibak).

Then the car dropped us at Al Azhar mosque and left for the day. It is a very crowded place. It was constructed in 970.  Al Azhar is the oldest mosque in Cairo. There is also a madrassa inside - the mosque slowly developed into what is today the second oldest continuously run university in the world after Al Karaouine in Fes, Morocco.

 Just opposite to this is famous Khan el Khalili Bazaar - constructed in 14th Century - similar to Grand Bazaar of Istanbul . First we had food at a restaurant - Pizza (Rs 120) , humus, Biryani rice (looks like Paulo), Chicken roast - since we were very hungry. Here lemon juice is very good. They way make Rumali Roti is really grand.

Not like what we get in India. It is true not only for this restaurant. We had similar kind of thing in other places too. We bought more souvenirs : lamp shades, Tee Shirts, bust of Nefertiti, Tutankhamen.

It was around 1030 pm , when we finished our marketing. While coming back , after shopping, we hired a car to go to Tahrir square - when we paid 15 EP - they said the deal was done for 15 Dollar instead of 15 EP !!

The per capita income is slightly more than India. The poverty is the genesis of such level of fraud everywhere. The prices are quite reasonable - comparable to India. The sugarcane juice we had is 5 EP or Rs 20. The entry fee is however very high. The fridge magnets are quite reasonable. You can have dinner even  for Rs 80 !  The bus fare is quite cheap. There is no tram in Cairo. Bakshish is almost essential. Only in Luxor, we did not give any Bakshish , because of their bad behaviour. Otherwise you have to pay Bakshish. But people are generally nice. Amitabh Bachchan and Shahrukh Khan is very popular here. They moment they hear you are from India - they will talk of Amitabh or Shahrukh. The problem starts whenever there is a financial dealing.  In Morocco we did not face such problem of Bakshish and cheating.

23/10/2018

We checked out of our hostel, after having nice complimentary breakfast and went to Ramses II bus station by 2 Taxis to take Micro (they pronounce it as Me crow ) bus to go to Iskanderiya (or Alexandria).  It is not very far from our hotel.  Micro bus is nothing but 13 seater winger. We were lost in Ramses II bus station - they dropped Arindam somewhere else. After some time and some scary moments, we got to see each other. Without phone , it was really scary ! The fare is 55 EP (or Rs 220) per person for 218 Km distance (the distance between Kolkata and Digha is 184 Km). Since we have luggage, we booked two extra seats ( 9 in total) for us. Even then, it was difficult to seat. The time taken to reach is only 2.5 hours !! We left at 11 am and reached at 1.30. The average (median) speed was 110 Km / hour !! The road is amazing.

No wonder the day tour runs from Cairo to Alexandria - even though it is so far from Egypt. Can you imagine a day tour to Digha from Kolkata for Rs 440 with return fare ? We are far behind the race.

The founder of Alexandria is Alexander the great. Cleopatra (remember there are many Cleopatras) made Alexandria, the seat of her throne. It is a historical city. After getting down at the bus station, we took a Tata Omni kind of car to reach our hotel. The hotel is just beside Mediterranean. The location could not have been better. It looks somewhat like Nariman point – like a necklace.

There is a nice view from our room. We finally left at 2.30 pm for the day tour. We hired the same car - we paid him 250 EP for the day tour.

First we went to Fort or Citadel of Qatibay . It was made in 1447. It lies at the last point of Alexandria. After that there is Mediterranean. The land has narrowed at the place. The fort is ordinary, but the view is wonderful.

Then we left for Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa. It was used from 2nd Century AD to 4^th Century AD. The necropolis consists of a series of Alexandrian tombs, statues and archaeological objects of the Pharaonic funeral cult with Hellenistic and early Imperial Roman influences. In this honey comb there were 300 corpses inside during that time.

Source : https://www.gettyimages.in

For want time, we did not go inside. It is inside the main city. There is Pompeii pillar too within 500 metres.  Pompey's Pillar is a Roman triumphal, the largest of its type constructed outside the imperial capitals of Rome & Constantinople, located at the Serapeum of Alexandria. It is one of the largest ancient monoliths and one of the largest monolithic columns ever erected. 

Actually it has nothing to do with Pompey and was instead set up in AD 292 in honor of Emperor Diocletian. They did not allow us to take picture.

Then we left for Roman Amphitheatre. Somehow we gate crashed at 4.50 into that place, just before its closure at 5 pm. It is basically in ruins. There were some pillars. The musical performance used to take place till the 7th century AD, which used to host up to 600 people. The Roman Amphitheatre we see today in Alexandria was constructed in the 4th century AD and it was a common feature of the Greco Roman period. There was a place where students used to study. It is thought that this was a seat of learning.

After that we left for Bibliotheca Alexandria. We passed through a place we looked like Burra Bazar ! This part of Alexandria is very different from the romantic Alexandria.

When we reached it was already closed. The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. The idea of a universal library in Alexandria may have been proposed by Demetrius, an exiled Athenian statesman living in Alexandria, to Ptolemy I - Soter, who may have established plans for the Library, but the Library itself was probably not built, until the reign of his son Ptolemy II - Philadelphus. Alexandria came to be regarded as the capital of knowledge and learning, in part because of the Great Library.  Located near the site of the ancient library of Alexandria, this modern version is an 11-story, cylindrical-shaped building that houses more than 8 million books. This gorgeously designed cultural center contains a host of museums as well as one of the modern world's most ambitious libraries. Its architecture - a giant sun disk - presides over the waterfront Corniche. It is a huge complex like Nandan. At that time dance performance by  Kenyans were going on. The performance was done by other African countries  too.

 I did not see the single woman wearing hijab. Then we sat beside the beach (called Corniche) for some time. 

Then we had dinner (of special cuisine of Alexandria - Iskender Kebab) and finally called it a day.

24/10/2018

Today we had no tour after a long time. So we had slowed down. We got up little late and had wonderful breakfast at the rooftop (Air conditioned) with full view of Mediterranean. 

I had planned to see the city by taking a tram. But since nobody was interested, I called off the plan. We had flight at 4.20 pm. We arranged for the car to the airport. They charged 350 EP (i.e. 50 EP per person).  We exchanged the Egyptian pound for dollar at an exchange house just beside the hotel. The airport is quite far from the city. The car travelled at a great speed - on an average 110-120 Km / hr ! The road as usual was very good. It took 1 hour to reach the airport. In Jordan there is visa on arrival.  It took 1.30 hours to reach Amman. If you stay for minimum 4 days and buy Jordan pass, then you don't have to pay for the Visa fees. With the Jordan pass you don’t have to pay for the entry fee to all important tourist spots. 

We were greeted by the travel agent -  with tie and suit. They were very professional. We even did not stand in the queue. He told us to wait for him - after taking our passport. In no time the visa was stamped. The roads are very good. The car is perfect. While we were driving they took out EDC machine and our cards were swiped (we did not pay from India. Arindam paid in Cash) ! We reached our hotel soon - the quality of the hotel was exceptional.

Jordan is a very liberal country like Lebanon (Beirut used to called Paris of the East). There is monarchy here in Jordan . We had dinner in the hotel. We took some leaflets from the hotel. The leaflets are really wonderful. You can easily make out Government has given lot of importance to tourism.

25/10/2018

We selected the travel agency from Trip Advisor. The rates given were good too - 485 USD per head all inclusive - airport to airport.

The population of Jordan is only 1 Crore (10 million). Amman is 40 Lakh. Jordanian dinar is pegged to USD at 1: 0.7 i.e. 1 JD=0.7 USD=Rs 100. The litre of oil costs Rs 100 approx. Prices are very very expensive. The main three pillars of their economy are Agriculture (Olive), Phosphate and Tourism. 

First our plan is to go to Jerash or Jerasha - 48 Km North of Amman. It takes 1.30 hours to reach Jerash. It is a very old city , which is continuously inhabited since 6500 years.

In ancient times, it was one of the wealthiest and most cosmopolitan cities in the ancient Near East. It was founded as a Hellenistic city in the 2nd century BCE. Jerash is today noted for its fine Roman and Byzantine ruins, which rank among the largest and best preserved in the world.

 It reminded me of Ephesus of Turkey - though Ephesus is better preserved. Previously it was part of Eastern Roman Empire. Then it was passed on to Byzantine, then to Ottoman empire. There is a place for hawkers. Apparently it was occupied by hawkers forcibly!

There are 2 amphitheaters inside. There is Colonnaded Street. It is a huge area - almost 1 Km long. This ancient city that was at its peak during about 2000 years back. 

Triumphal Arch, was built in AD 129 in honour of the visit of Emperor Hadrian. Behind the arch is the hippodrome (ground for horse racing), which hosted chariot races in front of up to 15,000 spectators.

https://www.ancient.eu/Jerash/

Then we left for Ajlun Castle. It takes around 40 minutes from there. It was constructed in  the12th Century by one of Saladin's generals, Izzeddin Usama Mungidh, to repel the Crusader threats to north Jordan .

Here there is a watch tower in this castle. This is to look into the invading crusader force. The route to Ajlun castle is really nice- red soil - you will find Olive. The castle is not extra ordinary. When we reached it was raining quite heavily. Then we left for Amman.

Amman is known as one the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. Much older than our Benaras ! Its name has been mentioned in Bible as Rabbath Ammon was the capital of the Ammonites, which later fell to the Assyrians. It was dominated briefly by the Nabateans before it became a great Roman trade center and was renamed Philadelphia. After the Islamic conquests, Amman became part of the Islamic Empire, until the Ottomans were forced out by the Allies, with the help of the Hashemites, who formed a monarchy that continues to rule until the present.

There is a citadel here. Our car took us there. There is a wonderful view of the city from the citadel. In Amman Citadel no era of history has left untouched. Unfortunately, it is no longer a living space.  It is standing on one of the 7 hills that form the city of Amman in Jordan. It is also known as Jabal al-Qala meaning the hill of the citadel. Amman Citadel has been continuously inhabited since the Neolithic period. Several things from Bronze age (3000 BC-1500 BC) were found here. There is a temple of Hercules here. An inscription here dates this temple to around 160 AD. There is broken hand of Hercules. You can make out how big the original sculpture was .

 

There is Umayyad Palace as well. The Umayyad palace was constructed in 798 AD, after 200 years of birth of Prophet Muhammad . There is a Byzantine church also from 6^th century AD. Amman city has undulating terrain. The colour of most of the houses are ash. During the Azan the feeling from the  citadel is heavenly. The whole area reverberates like anything. 

 There is a very well preserved Roman amphitheatre with a seating capacity of 6,000  -  not very far from the citadel . It can be seen from the Citadel. We met a Bangladeshi. One of them stays here in Amman. We were told there is a Bangladeshi, Pakistani neighbourhood.

Then we left for the Roman Theatre. It was probably built in the 2nd Century AD during the reign of Roman Emperor Antonius Pius. Ruler sat on the front seats – closest to the stage. Middle rows belonged to the military. Rest of the public sat in the top rows.

The best part of the Theater is its acoustics. You can stand at the center of the stage and your voice will echo. A small shrine to the goddess of theater Athena used to be there on top of the last rows .

Apparently it was a Greek Theatre. Greek Theater existed in this place before the Roman Empire and Romans continued to use this theater and later generations came to know it as Amman’s Roman Theater.

After spending some time at the Roman theatre, we planned to go to the souq - after reaching our hotel. But since started raining we dropped our plan, after walking some time. It was quite cold. This hotel is in the Western Amman - where rich people stay. Middle class and poor stay in the Eastern side. The hotel is in a secluded region. The view is very good. However it is difficult to venture out from here on your own without a car.. We met some Bengali , with skull cap and Pajama and Punjabi, from Park circus in our hotel. They are here for a religious tourism. Tomorrow they are going to Palestine.

Jordan is a historical Country and it is a very important Country for both Christians and Muslims. When Prophet Muhammad started preaching, the first country visited outside Saudi Arab was Jordan and met non-Arab Byzantine people. Many companions of Prophet were martyred here in Jordan. The most important companions of the Prophet buried in Jordan include: Zeid ibn al-Haritha (the Prophet’s adopted son), Ja’far bin Abi Talib (cousin of the Prophet), Mu’ath bin Jabal (the Prophet’s governor in Yemen),

Their shrines of them are very important for Muslims. Jordan has been mentioned in both Bible and Koran. It is often said burial place of Moses is also here in Jordan ! 

26/10/2018 

Today we first went to Madaba. Located in western Jordan, Madaba is 30 km southwest of Amman. It is visited along with Mount Nebo, the site where the Old Testament says Moses saw the Promised Land. It is known as the Mosaic city. It is best known for its collection of Byzantine and Umayyad artwork.

 

During the early centuries of Christianity, Madaba was an important town as a stop along the trade route. It also was home to various churches. It was during the 6th century that an unknown artist created what is now known today as the oldest known cartography of of the Holy Land during biblical times on the floor of a Byzantine era St George Cathedral. This map is made up of more than a million pieces of colored stones and may have taken more than half a year to create.

 

In fact in any Roman city this kind of mosaic is found, made of small 1 inch by 1 inch square stone (like a collage). But this is on a grand scale. We went to the St George church to see the mosaic. Normally they first take you to the church to see the mosaic. There are some interesting, but lesser known Churches also in Madaba - walking distance from this church. Unless you tell them before hand, they won't take you there. Most of the mosaics are 1500-2000 years old. It takes around 45 minutes from Amman to reach Madaba.

After buying some souvenirs we left for Mt Nebo. Things are quite expensive in Jordan. The distance between Madaba and Mt Nebo is only 7 Km (20 minutes). It is basically in the same location. 

This is the place where Moses came with his followers, after they were chased by the soldiers of Pharaoh, in search of the promised land. From Mt Nebo there is a wonderful view of the Jordan Valley and promised land. He could not find promised land. It is believed that Moses died here in Mt Nebo. 

Moses’ parents set him afloat on the Nile in a reed basket daubed with pitch. The child, found by the pharaoh’s daughter while bathing. The name Moses (Hebrew Moshe) is derived from Egyptian mose (“is born”) and is found in such names as Thutmose ([The God] Thoth Is Born). During his education he learned somehow that he was a Hebrew . According to the biblical narrative, Moses lived 120 years and was 80 when he confronted Pharaoh.

For almost as long as the Jewish nation has existed, it has been persecuted and forced to wander from land to land: starting with slavery in Egypt, to the destruction of both temples in Jerusalem, to the Crusades, the pogroms, the Holocaust, and finally, modern day anti-Semitism. The 4 primary periods of exile are known as “arba galuyot” - Babylon (423 BCE - 372 BCE), Persia (372 BCE – 348 BCE) ,  Greece 371 BCE - 140 BCE, Rome (69 CE - Present)

https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3671017/jewish/Discover-the-Four-Exiles-of-the-Jewish-People.htm

The people of Israel (also called the "Jewish People") trace their origin to Abraham, who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the universe  . Abraham, his son Yitshak (Isaac), and grandson Jacob (Israel) are referred to as the patriarchs of the Israelites. All three patriarchs lived in the Land of Canaan. The name Jew derives from Yehuda (Judah) one of the 12 sons of Jacob. Originally the term Hebrew had nothing to do with race or ethnic origin. It derived from Habiru, a designation of a class of people who made their living by hiring themselves out for various services. The Hebrews/Israelites were a federation of Habiru tribes of the hill-country around the Jordan River. 

There was a famine in the land of Canaan (Palestine). Because of this famine, the Hebrew patriarch Jacob traveled with his extended family of 70 to Egypt to both live in better conditions and be with his son Joseph. Joseph’s wisdom had impressed the Pharaoh of Egypt to the point that he was appointed Viceroy of Egypt, which was second in power only to the Pharaoh.

The next 430 years in Egypt saw the Israelites prosper and rapidly multiply to about 3 million people. These numbers were so great, the Pharaoh became nervous that the Israelites were becoming too many in number to control and thought they might side with Egypt’s enemies in case of war. The Pharaoh decreed that the Israelites should be enslaved to build cities and roads for him so that they would be too tired and also would not have time to have children. 

Moses would go to the Pharaoh Ramses Or Ramesses II and ask him to let the Israelites go. Pharaoh finally agrees to let the Israelites go after a series of setbacks in Egypt. Moses used the plagues of the frogs, mosquitoes, cattle murrain, boils, hail, locusts and thick darkness (natural events) to increase the pressure on Ramses. However, once the Israelites have already left, Pharaoh changes his mind and pursues the Israelites to the shore of the Red Sea. Moses uses his magic to part the Red Sea and the Israelites cross on dry ground, but the sea closes down on the pursuing Egyptians, drowning them all 

Soon after the Exodus, Moses transmitted to the people of this newly emerging nation, the Torah and the Ten Commandments.  In the Covenant ceremony at Mt. Sinai, where the Ten Commandments were promulgated, he founded the religious community known as Israel.  After 40 years in the Sinai desert, Moses led them to the Land of Israel, that is cited in The Bible as the land promised by God to the descendants of the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In the Judaic tradition, he is revered as the greatest prophet and teacher, and Judaism has sometimes loosely been called Mosaism, or the Mosaic faith, in Western Christendom. The Hebrew Bible ( twenty-four books)  is  known to Christians as the Old Testament. The second part of Christian Bibles is the New Testament, written in the Koine Greek language.

The descendants of Abraham crystallized into a nation at about 1300 BC after their Exodus from Egypt under the leadership of Moses.

This is a very sacred place for Christmas. From here generally people go to Jerusalem. We saw some Spanish group also. There is a very nice mosaic inside the Church also. We took some pictures of Jordan Valley. We bought some souvenirs too. They are very expensive. 

Then we got back to the car. We heard a bridge has been broken due to flash flood and 21 people had died. This news has even reached in Kolkata ! We had been informed over whatsapp ! Moreover today is very windy. So we had to skip going to Dead Sea. If the water of dead sea, goes to your eye, you can even become blind. You are advised to float on your back. Not with your face down to the water. 

So we went straight to Petra. We reached Petra little early at 3.50 pm. It took around 2.30 hours to reach Petra from Mt Nebo. Our hotel is really nice. There is a wonderful view from the hotel. 

We walked around Petra. He saw a nice sunset and bought some souvenirs. The souvenirs are very expensive. Even food is very expensive. You cannot have any dinner for less than 11 USD !  1 JD=Rs 100 . There are two prices - one for tourist and one for local. This is surprising if you consider that its per capita income is only 2800 USD. Slightly more than India. In Egypt price of items on the street and per capita income are commensurate.  If you go to Departmental stores, only then you will have some idea about the local price.

I have given below the price list of my hotel in Petra (7.5 JD = 750 INR !)

 

Our hotel serves dinner from 6.30 pm. Today we averted major problem after dinner. Arindam has high Uric acid. Since we are having meat regularly, his pain aggravated and was limping for some time and just after dinner he passed out at the elevator. I thought he had heart attack.Later he recovered. We called a local Doctor (paid 143 USD) and he said it has happened from the pain. He explained everything very nicely. Arun and I went with him in his car to buy some medicine and injection for Arindam. We chatted a lot with him. He is quite interested about India like other Jordanians.

27/10/2018 

We were supposed to leave at 8 am. But we finally left at 9.45 am , since Arindam was not feeling well. We reached at visitors centre within 10 am. We have to come back at 2 pm to catch sunset at Wadi Rum. We were late, quite often, during this tour  ( in Alexandria also we were quite late).

The size of Jordan is 90,000 Sq Km. It is only 2,000 Km more than West Bengal. Eastern side is desert. So actual habitable land is much less. To the West of Jordan, is Israel. To the east is Saudi Arabia. To the North East is Syria. To the South is Gulf of Aqaba which meets Red Sea further South. 

 

Petra is the land of Nabateans. It was part of promised land. They are nomadic people - they came from the side of Saudi Arabia. Petra was started in the 4th Century BC. They are red stone - similar kind of stone I have seen in Marzouga in Morocco and Cappadocia in Turkey. 

 

Nabateans were Arabian nomads from the Negev Desert who amassed their wealth first as traders on the Incense Routes from Qataban (in modern-day Yemen) toward Gaza on the Mediterranean Sea. Their constant travel on these routes intimately familiarized them with the area and their skill in finding, and preserving, sources of water enabled them to transport goods more quickly and efficiently than others.

 

The Nabatean Kingdom flourished in the region of modern-day Jordan between the 4th century BC and c. 106 AD and is best known today for the ruins of its capital city of Petra. Although it is clear that a wealthy community was thriving in the immediate vicinity of Petra by 312 BC scholars usually date the Nabatean Kingdom from 168 BC, the date of their first known king, to 106 AD when it was annexed by the Roman Empire  (98-117 AD).

There are many caves in Petra. So there was speculation around the purpose behind these caves. Whether these were formed naturally or constructed. The most important part of Petra is Al Khazana or Treasure or Treasury. You have walk for 40 minutes to reach this place from the gate.

 

Some people hire horse cart. Petra was part of the Caravan route. They used to earn revenue from Caravans plying along this route from Mediterranean. Nabateans used to control the caravan. It was called Incense route - Egyptians used to like incense. Apart from incense, Attar or scent used to move along this route.

The architecture in Petra is concoction of various styles - Roman, Arabic, Hellenistic, Greek, Byzantine. The road is called Siq. It looks like a gorge of red stones. Sometimes the gorge (height is like 10 storied house) is no more than 10-15 ft in width.

In Treasury some people think there were treasures of Pharaoh, some think Moses stayed here. Some people think it was a necropolis. There is a Byzantine church here. There are some places were animals used to sacrificed. There is a temple also. It is now considered as 7th wonder of world. 

 

There is an amphitheatre also. You have walk for 4 Km to see the whole area. Arun and  I went till the end. The entry fee is Rs 30,000 (child below 12 is free) for  6 people - Rs 5,000 per person  or almost 70 USD !!  You can also hire donkey, camels, horse carriage here for an extra charge. This is how people used to travel in those days. This place was first made famous, due to shooting of Indiana Jones in this place.

We came back at 2 pm and left for Wadi Rum by our car. We had our snacks in the car, since we are already late.  We heard that Wadi means valley. It also means dry river bed. Wadi Rum is basically a desert. The term Rum has come Romans. However our guide not say this. We reached Wadi Rum just in time and was able to catch sun set along with hundreds of people. A British Intelligence officer T Lawrence came here in 1962 and wrote a book called 7 Wonders of the world. Based on his book Lawrence of Arabia film was made. He was very fond of this place. Bedouins also used to love him. In a TV series of Indian Jones , there was a mention of Lawrence of Arabia.The shooting of Lawrence of Arabia also took place in Al Haddodu in Morcco, apart from Jordan. 

Then we went to a desert camp - Rahyed desert camp. It is quite nice. Over there we met an ex-military Jordanian. Now he is a civilian. He is a pilot - part of falcon group. It is quite famous. They do shows all over the world. Mostly in Europe. He takes the airplane in Knocked down condition and then re-assemble it in a country. He has brought his Polish friends to this camp. We learnt all this, over camp fire. It is quite cold outside.

Today we had famous Zarp (pronounced as Zarb) dinner. They put a wok on a charcoal and then it was kept inside the desert sand. When it was done in the evening , they take it in front of the crowd. It is quite interesting. The lamb is very very good. But the chicken is not exceptional. The food was served at 7 pm. The dinner was served in a buffet. After dinner we went to sleep early since we will go for  desert safari in the morning. The setting of the camp is amazing. At the back is a hill. In the front it is desert. The camp has all the modern facilities to the extent possible - in such a remote setting.

28/10/2018 

Today we did our morning safari . Due to a communication gap it started late - instead of 2 hours it go reduced to only 1 hour. We had some argument with the driver over this. Today is the first time we had a problem. Otherwise everything went very well in Jordan. We went to a particular place where a 4 wheel drive car  - pick up van kind - with open hood (so that we can take picture) was waiting for us. Then  we were taken to a place where there are some inscriptions of Nabateans. the journey through the desert was nice. If you stay for the whole day, then there are many other places where you can visit in Wadi Rum.  It transpired after talking to the driver, that we did not have time to go to Belfany where Jesus Christ was baptised. The car has to stop at a place - then you have to walk for 1 hour. We will miss the plane, if we go there. We paid extra for going to this place , with entry fee. The money gone into drain. 

So we went to the dead sea. It is actually land locked. It is really a lake. It is 400 metre below the sea level.  It is the lowest point in earth. One side is Jordan. The other side is Israel. The way its level is going down due to human intervention, it is estimated that in 50 years, it will cease to exist. They were telling us to take pictures from the top, since it is very crowded today. But I said I have to go and feel dead sea. There is no point, just looking at dead sea. Since it looks similar to any lake. We trekked down to the sea (not a normal route - Mohua and Arindam did not go down ). After touching Dead I did not understand it is so heavy. The salt content is 6-7 times normal sea water. After you take out your hand from water, you will see hand becoming whitish due to salt. After that we left for Amman airport and reached in time. Over there I met a Bangladeshi - he is doing textile business for 14 years, since 2004. He stays near Amman. 40 Lakh (4 million) 40% of population of Jordan (1 Crore) live in Amman. Jordan has a very liberal refugee policy. Many refugees has come here form Iraq, Syria, Palestine. They have a very humane policy in this regard. As a result many European countries and Japan support them for their liberal refugee policy in the form of aid. My guess because of that there are so many Bangladeshis are here - there are 30,000 Bangladeshis here. He said Textile industry is doing well here. Apart from Bangladeshi there are many Pakistani. Since we stayed in a posh area - I did not feel it. There are many Bangladeshi shops too ! Not many countries has such a huge percentage of refugee population. The working visa fees per year + permit is Rs 60,000 + 10,000. They don't have to go out of the country. They have to just renew it.. Generally prices are almost double the price of India. Our driver Talal said cost of a Suzuki car (Maruti Alto type - 1000 CC ) is 10,000 Dinar i.e 10,00,000/- . So it is almost 2.5 times. The cost of petrol is 1.5 USD or Rs 100/-  and cheapest car is Rs 10 lakh. The cost of potato is around Rs 50.

Our Kuwait airlines from Queen Aliya airpot left at 7 pm and Kuwait at 9 pm. Our connecting flight to Delhi was at 10.35 pm

29/10/2018 

We reached Delhi at 5 am and next connecting flight to Kolkata is at 6.55 pm and we reached Kolkata in time and went to office straight from airport , since it is Monday !

https://www.businessinsider.in/personal-finance/forget-the-pyramids-of-giza-a-local-tipped-me-off-to-a-little-known-site-of-ancient-ruins-thats-equally-fascinating-and-never-crowded/articleshow/67776635.cms

https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/nile-valley/kom-ombo/attractions/temple-of-kom-ombo-crocodile-museum/a/poi-sig/1315928/355251
https://www.biography.com/royalty/nefertiti
https://discoveringegypt.com/luxor-temple/

https://www.inditales.com/jerash-greco-roman-history-of-jordan/